Home  ›  Its the Polar Vortex Going to Move South Again

Its the Polar Vortex Going to Move South Again

Written By Friday 22 April 2022 Add Comment Edit

Persistent cold-cadre depression-force per unit area expanse that circles one of the poles

Map of a compact blob over the Arctic

A strong tropospheric polar vortex configuration in Nov 2013

Map of a blobs spreading from the Arcitc

A more typical weak tropospheric polar vortex on Jan five, 2014

A circumpolar vortex, or only polar vortex, is a big region of common cold, rotating air that encircles both of Earth'due south polar regions. Polar vortices also exist on other rotating, low-obliquity planetary bodies.[1] The term polar vortex can exist used to describe two distinct phenomena; the stratospheric polar vortex, and the tropospheric polar vortex. The stratospheric and tropospheric polar vortices both rotate in the direction of the Earth'southward spin, simply they are distinct phenomena that have different sizes, structures, seasonal cycles, and impacts on conditions.

The stratospheric polar vortex is an area of loftier-speed, cyclonically rotating winds around 15 km to l km high, poleward of 50°, and is strongest in wintertime. Information technology forms in Autumn when Arctic or Antarctic temperatures cool rapidly as the polar night begins. The increased temperature difference between the pole and the tropics causes strong winds and the Coriolis effect causes the vortex to spin up. The stratospheric polar vortex breaks down in Spring equally the polar night ends. A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is an consequence that occurs when the stratospheric vortex breaks downwardly during winter, and can have pregnant impacts on surface conditions.[ citation needed ]

The tropospheric polar vortex is oftentimes divers as the expanse poleward of the tropospheric jet stream. The equatorward border is around 40° to l°, and it extends from the surface upwards to around x km to xv km. Its yearly bike differs from the stratospheric vortex because the tropospheric vortex exists all year, but is like to the stratospheric vortex since information technology is as well strongest in winter when the polar regions are coldest.

The tropospheric polar vortex was first described as early as 1853.[2] The stratospheric vortex's SSWs were discovered in 1952 with radiosonde observations at altitudes higher than 20 km.[3] The tropospheric polar vortex was mentioned often in the news and weather condition media in the cold N American winter of 2013–2014, popularizing the term equally an explanation of very cold temperatures.[4] [ self-published source? ] The tropospheric vortex increased in public visibility in 2022 as a result of extreme frigid temperatures in the central United States, with some sources linking its effects to climate change.[5]

Ozone depletion occurs inside the polar vortices – particularly over the Southern Hemisphere – reaching a maximum depletion in the bound.

Arctic and Antarctic vortices [edit]

Northern Hemisphere [edit]

Polar vortex over the United Kingdom on December 17, 2010.

When the tropospheric vortex of the Arctic is strong, it is well divers and nearly circular in shape, there is a unmarried vortex with a jet stream that is well constrained near the polar front, and the Arctic air is well independent. When the northern tropospheric vortex weakens, which it generally does, it will break into two or more than smaller vortices, the strongest of which are near Baffin Island, Nunavut, and the other over northeast Siberia. When it is very weak, the flow of Arctic air becomes more disorganized, and masses of cold Arctic air tin can push equatorward, bringing with them a rapid and sharp temperature driblet.[half-dozen]

A deep freeze that gripped much of the United States and Canada in belatedly January 2022 has been blamed on a "polar vortex". This is not the scientifically right use of the term polar vortex, but instead is referring to outbreaks of cold Arctic air caused past a weakened polar vortex. The US National Weather condition Service warned that frostbite is possible inside just 10 minutes of beingness exterior in such extreme temperatures, and hundreds of schools, colleges and universities in the affected areas were closed. Around 21 people died in U.s.a. due to astringent frostbite.[7] [8] States within the midwest region of the Us had windchills just above -50 °F (-45 °C). The Polar vortex is as well thought to have had furnishings in Europe. For example, the 2013–14 United Kingdom winter floods were blamed on the Polar vortex bringing severe cold in the United states of america and Canada.[9] Similarly, the severe cold in the United Kingdom in the winters of 2009/10 and 2010/11 were as well blamed on the Polar vortex.[x]

Southern Hemisphere [edit]

The Antarctic vortex of the Southern Hemisphere is a single low-pressure level zone that is constitute near the edge of the Ross ice shelf, virtually 160 west longitude. When the polar vortex is strong, the mid-latitude Westerlies (winds at the surface level betwixt 30° and sixty° latitude from the due west) increment in force and are persistent. When the polar vortex is weak, high-pressure zones of the mid-latitudes may push button poleward, moving the polar vortex, jet stream, and polar front equatorward. The jet stream is seen to "buckle" and deviate south. This rapidly brings cold dry air into contact with the warm, moist air of the mid-latitudes, resulting in a rapid and dramatic modify of weather known equally a "cold snap".[11]

In Commonwealth of australia, the polar vortex, known there equally a "polar smash" or "polar plunge", is a common cold forepart that drags air from Antarctica which brings pelting showers, snow (typically inland, with blizzards occurring in the highlands), gusty icy winds, and hail in the south-eastern parts of the land, such as in Victoria, Tasmania, the southeast declension of South Australia and the southern one-half of New South Wales (simply only on the windward side of the Swell Dividing Range, whereas the leeward side will be afflicted by foehn winds).[12] [13]

Identification [edit]

The bases of the two polar vortices are located in the middle and upper troposphere and extend into the stratosphere. Beneath that lies a large mass of cold, dense Arctic air. The interface betwixt the cold dry out air mass of the pole and the warm moist air mass farther s defines the location of the polar front. The polar front end is centered, roughly at threescore° breadth. A polar vortex strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer because of its dependence on the temperature difference between the equator and the poles.[14] [ self-published source? ]

Polar cyclones are depression-pressure zones embedded inside the polar air masses, and exist year-circular. The stratospheric polar vortex develops at latitudes in a higher place the subtropical jet stream.[15] Horizontally, most polar vortices accept a radius of less than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi).[sixteen] Since polar vortices exist from the stratosphere downwardly into the mid-troposphere,[vi] a multifariousness of heights/force per unit area levels are used to marker its position. The 50 hPa force per unit area surface is virtually often used to identify its stratospheric location.[17] At the level of the tropopause, the extent of closed contours of potential temperature can be used to decide its force. Others have used levels down to the 500 hPa pressure level (well-nigh 5,460 metres (17,910 ft) above sea level during the winter) to identify the polar vortex.[18]

Duration and strength [edit]

Polar vortex and weather impacts due to stratospheric warming

Polar vortices are weakest during summer and strongest during winter. Extratropical cyclones that migrate into higher latitudes when the polar vortex is weak can disrupt the unmarried vortex creating smaller vortices (cold-core lows) inside the polar air mass.[19] Those individual vortices can persist for more than than a month.[16]

Volcanic eruptions in the torrid zone tin can lead to a stronger polar vortex during wintertime for as long as two years later on.[20] The strength and position of the polar vortex shapes the flow pattern in a broad area near it. An alphabetize which is used in the northern hemisphere to gauge its magnitude is the Arctic oscillation.[21]

When the Arctic vortex is at its strongest, at that place is a single vortex, but normally, the Arctic vortex is elongated in shape, with two cyclone centers, one over Baffin Island in Canada and the other over northeast Siberia. When the Arctic pattern is at its weakest, subtropic air masses can intrude poleward causing the Arctic air masses to move equatorward, as during the Winter 1985 Arctic outbreak.[22] The Antarctic polar vortex is more pronounced and persistent than the Arctic one. In the Arctic the distribution of country masses at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere gives rise to Rossby waves which contribute to the breakdown of the polar vortex, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere the vortex is less disturbed. The breakup of the polar vortex is an extreme consequence known as a sudden stratospheric warming, here the vortex completely breaks downward and an associated warming of 30–50 °C (54–90 °F)[ clarification needed ] over a few days tin can occur.

The waxing and waning of the polar vortex is driven by the movement of mass and the transfer of heat in the polar region. In the autumn, the circumpolar winds increase in speed and the polar vortex rises into the stratosphere. The outcome is that the polar air forms a coherent rotating air mass: the polar vortex. Equally winter approaches, the vortex cadre cools, the winds decrease, and the vortex energy declines. One time late winter and early spring arroyo the vortex is at its weakest. As a result, during late winter, large fragments of the vortex air can be diverted into lower latitudes past stronger conditions systems intruding from those latitudes. In the everyman level of the stratosphere, strong potential vorticity gradients remain, and the bulk of that air remains confined inside the polar air mass into December in the Southern Hemisphere and April in the Northern Hemisphere, well after the breakdown of the vortex in the mid-stratosphere.[23]

The breakdown of the northern polar vortex occurs betwixt mid March to mid May. This event signifies the transition from wintertime to bound, and has impacts on the hydrological cycle, growing seasons of vegetation, and overall ecosystem productivity. The timing of the transition besides influences changes in sea ice, ozone, air temperature, and cloudiness. Early and late polar breakup episodes have occurred, due to variations in the stratospheric menses construction and upward spreading of planetary waves from the troposphere.[ clarification needed ] As a upshot of increased waves into the vortex, the vortex experiences more rapid warming than normal, resulting in an before breakdown and jump. When the breakup comes early, information technology is characterized by[ clarification needed ] with persistent of remnants of the vortex. When the breakup is late, the remnants dissipate chop-chop. When the breakup is early, in that location is ane warming period from tardily Feb to middle March. When the breakdown is late, at that place are 2 warming periods, ane January, and 1 in March. Zonal mean temperature, wind, and geopotential height exert varying deviations from their normal values before and after early breakups, while the deviations remain abiding before and later late breakups. Scientists are connecting a filibuster in the Arctic vortex breakup with a reduction of planetary moving ridge activities, few stratospheric sudden warming events, and depletion of ozone.[24] [25] [ clarification needed ]

Low pressure level area over Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, office of the northern polar vortex weakening, on the record-setting common cold morning time of January 21, 1985

Sudden stratospheric warming events are associated with weaker polar vortices. This warming of stratospheric air can reverse the circulation in the Arctic Polar Vortex from counter-clockwise to clockwise.[26] These changes aloft strength changes in the troposphere below.[27] An instance of an outcome on the troposphere is the change in speed of the Atlantic Body of water circulation design. A soft spot only south of Greenland is where the initial pace of downwelling occurs, nicknamed the "Achilles Heel of the N Atlantic". Small amounts of heating or cooling traveling from the polar vortex can trigger or delay downwelling, altering the Gulf Stream Electric current of the Atlantic, and the speed of other bounding main currents. Since all other oceans depend on the Atlantic Bounding main'south movement of oestrus energy, climates beyond the planet can be dramatically affected. The weakening or strengthening of the polar vortex tin can alter the sea circulation more than a mile below the waves.[28] Strengthening storm systems within the troposphere that cool the poles, intensify the polar vortex. La Niña–related climate anomalies significantly strengthen the polar vortex.[29] Intensification of the polar vortex produces changes in relative humidity as downward intrusions of dry out, stratospheric air enter the vortex core. With a strengthening of the vortex comes a longwave cooling due to a subtract in h2o vapor concentration near the vortex. The decreased water content is a result of a lower tropopause within the vortex, which places dry stratospheric air higher up moist tropospheric air.[thirty] Instability is caused when the vortex tube, the line of concentrated vorticity, is displaced. When this occurs, the vortex rings go more unstable and prone to shifting by planetary waves. The planetary wave activity in both hemispheres varies year-to-twelvemonth, producing a corresponding response in the forcefulness and temperature of the polar vortex.[31] The number of waves around the perimeter of the vortex are related to the core size; as the vortex core decreases, the number of waves increment.[32]

The degree of the mixing of polar and mid-latitude air depends on the evolution and position of the polar night jet. In full general, the mixing is less inside the vortex than outside. Mixing occurs with unstable planetary waves that are feature of the middle and upper stratosphere in winter. Prior to vortex breakdown, at that place is picayune transport of air out of the Chill Polar Vortex due to stiff barriers in a higher place 420 km (261 miles). The polar night jet which exists below this, is weak in the early winter. As a result, it does not deviate any descending polar air, which then mixes with air in the mid-latitudes. In the late winter, air parcels practice not descend as much, reducing mixing.[33] After the vortex is broken up, the ex-vortex air is dispersed into the eye latitudes inside a month.[34]

Sometimes, a mass of the polar vortex breaks off before the terminate of the final warming flow. If large enough, the piece tin can move into Canada and the Midwestern, Primal, Southern, and Northeastern United States. This diversion of the polar vortex can occur due to the deportation of the polar jet stream; for case, the significant northwestward direction of the polar jet stream in the western part of the United States during the winters of 2013–2014, and 2014–2015. This caused warm, dry out weather in the west, and common cold, snowy weather condition in the north-central and northeast.[35] Occasionally, the loftier-pressure level air mass, chosen the Greenland Block, tin cause the polar vortex to divert to the south, rather than follow its normal path over the N Atlantic.[36]

Climate change [edit]

Meanders of the northern hemisphere's jet stream developing (a, b) and finally detaching a "drop" of cold air (c); orange: warmer masses of air; pink: jet stream

Southern Hemisphere Ozone Concentration, Feb 22, 2012

A study in 2001 found that stratospheric circulation can have anomalous furnishings on weather regimes.[37] In the same year, researchers plant a statistical correlation between weak polar vortex and outbreaks of astringent common cold in the Northern Hemisphere.[38] [39] In later years, scientists identified interactions with Chill ocean water ice decline, reduced snow embrace, evapotranspiration patterns, NAO anomalies or atmospheric condition anomalies which are linked to the polar vortex and jet stream configuration.[37] [39] [twoscore] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] However, because the specific observations are considered short-term observations (starting c. xiii years ago) there is considerable incertitude in the conclusions. Climatology observations crave several decades to definitively distinguish natural variability from climate trends.[46]

The full general assumption is that reduced snow embrace and ocean ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in plough alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing information technology to weaken or collapse. This becomes apparent when the jet stream aamplitude increases (meanders) over the northern hemisphere, causing Rossby waves to propagate farther to the due south or north, which in turn transports warmer air to the north pole and polar air into lower latitudes. The jet stream aamplitude increases with a weaker polar vortex, hence increases the chance for weather systems to go blocked. A blocking issue in 2012 emerged when a high-pressure over Greenland steered Hurricane Sandy into the northern Mid-Atlantic states.[47]

Ozone depletion [edit]

The chemistry of the Antarctic polar vortex has created severe ozone depletion. The nitric acid in polar stratospheric clouds reacts with chlorofluorocarbons to form chlorine, which catalyzes the photochemical devastation of ozone.[48] Chlorine concentrations build up during the polar winter, and the consequent ozone destruction is greatest when the sunlight returns in spring.[49] These clouds can only class at temperatures beneath about −80 °C (−112 °F).

Since at that place is greater air exchange between the Arctic and the mid-latitudes, ozone depletion at the north pole is much less severe than at the south.[50] Accordingly, the seasonal reduction of ozone levels over the Arctic is usually characterized as an "ozone dent", whereas the more severe ozone depletion over the Antarctic is considered an "ozone hole". That said, chemical ozone devastation in the 2011 Arctic polar vortex attained, for the kickoff time, a level clearly identifiable as an Arctic "ozone hole".[51]

Exterior Earth [edit]

Hubble view of the jumbo polar cloud on Mars

Other astronomical bodies are also known to take polar vortices, including Venus (double vortex – that is, two polar vortices at a pole),[52] Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn'southward moon Titan.

Saturn'southward south pole is the merely known hot polar vortex in the solar system.[53]

Come across besides [edit]

  • Polar amplification
  • Saturn's hexagon – a persisting hexagonal cloud pattern effectually the north pole of Saturn
  • Windward Performance Perlan II – will be used to study the northern polar vortex
  • Polar front
  • Cutting-off depression

References [edit]

  1. ^ Read, P.L. (August 2011). "Dynamics and circulation regimes of terrestrial planets". Planetary and Space Science. 59 (ten): 900–914. Bibcode:2011P&SS...59..900R. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.04.024.
  2. ^ "Air Maps", Littell's Living Historic period No. 495, 12 November 1853, p. 430.
  3. ^ "GEOS-5 Analyses and Forecasts of the Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming of January 2013" (Press release). Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  4. ^ "Polar Vortex: The Science, Myth & Media Hype Behind North American Weather condition Miracle".
  5. ^ Plumer, Brad (16 Feb 2021). "A Glimpse of America's Future: Climate Change Ways Trouble for Ability Grids". The New York Times.
  6. ^ a b "Polar vortex". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Retrieved fifteen June 2008.
  7. ^ "Casualty". BBC News. 1 Feb 2019. Retrieved 12 Feb 2019.
  8. ^ "Polar vortex: What is information technology and how does it happen?". BBC video. xxx January 2019. Retrieved 31 Jan 2019.
  9. ^ "United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Flooding and the Science of Climatic change". 9 Feb 2014.
  10. ^ "Britain is nearly to get very, very cold". Independent.co.britain. 7 November 2016.
  11. ^ "Stratospheric Polar Vortex Influences Winter Cold, Researchers Say" (Printing release). American Association for the Advancement of Science. December three, 2001. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  12. ^ "Polar Blast Set To Hit Australia This Weekend, First in 15 Years". Science Times. 21 Aug 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  13. ^ "'Twin peaks': Sydney prepares for double burst of polar chill". Sydney Morn Herald. nine May 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  14. ^ Halldór Björnsson. "Global circulation". Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved September ii, 2016. . Veðurstofa Íslands. Retrieved on 2008-06-15.
  15. ^ Hartmann, D; Schoeberl, Thou (1991). "Mixing of polar vortex air into middle latitudes as revealed past tracer-tracer scatterplots". Journal of Geophysical Research. 102 (D11): 13119. Bibcode:1997JGR...10213119W. doi:10.1029/96JD03715.
  16. ^ a b Cavallo, Steven Thou.; Hakim, Gregory J. (April 2009). "Potential Vorticity Diagnosis of a Tropopause Polar Whirlwind". Monthly Atmospheric condition Review. 137 (4): 1358–71. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.1358C. doi:ten.1175/2008MWR2670.1.
  17. ^ Kolstad, Erik W.; Breiteig, Tarjei; Scaife, Adam A. (April 2010). "The association between stratospheric weak polar vortex events and cold air outbreaks in the Northern Hemisphere". Quarterly Periodical of the Imperial Meteorological Society. 136 (649): 887. arXiv:0906.0027. Bibcode:2010EGUGA..12.5739K. doi:10.1002/qj.620. S2CID 119249497.
  18. ^ Abdolreza Kashki & Javad Khoshhal (2013-11-22). "Investigation of the Function of Polar Vortex in Iranian First and Concluding Snowfalls". Journal of Geology and Geography. 5 (4). ISSN 1916-9779. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-01-thirty .
  19. ^ Erik A. Rasmussen and John Turner (2003). Polar lows: mesoscale weather systems in the polar regions. Cambridge University Printing. p. 174. ISBN978-0-521-62430-5.
  20. ^ Robock, Alan (2000). "Volcanic eruptions and climate" (PDF). Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (ii): 191–219. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38..191R. doi:x.1029/1998RG000054. S2CID 1299888. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-nineteen.
  21. ^ Todd Mitchell (2004). Arctic Oscillation (AO) time series, 1899 – June 2002 Archived 2003-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. University of Washington. Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
  22. ^ Kevin Myatt (2005-01-17). Cold plenty for snow, and more's on the way Archived 2013-02-01 at annal.today. Roanoke Times. Retrieved on 2012-02-24.
  23. ^ Nash, E; Newman, P; Rosenfield, J; Schoeberl, M (2012). "An objective determination of the polar vortex using Ertel'south potential vorticity". Periodical of Geophysical Research. 101 (D5): 9471–78. Bibcode:1996JGR...101.9471N. doi:10.1029/96JD00066.
  24. ^ Li, Fifty; Li, C; Pan, Y (2012). "On the differences and climate impacts of early on and late stratospheric polar vortex breakup". Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 29 (v): 1119–28. Bibcode:2012AdAtS..29.1119L. doi:10.1007/s00376-012-1012-4. S2CID 123846176.
  25. ^ Wei, Thousand; Chen, W; Huang, R (2007). "Dynamical diagnosis of the breakup of the stratospheric polar vortex in the northern hemisphere". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. l (9): 1369–79. Bibcode:2007ScChD..l.1369W. doi:ten.1007/s11430-007-0100-ii. S2CID 195309667.
  26. ^ Reichler, Tom; Kim, J; Manzini, Due east; Kroger, J (2012). "A stratospheric connection to Atlantic climate variability". Nature Geoscience. five (eleven): 783–87. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5..783R. doi:10.1038/ngeo1586.
  27. ^ Ripesi, Patrizio; et al. (2012). "The Feb 2010 Artcic Oscillation Index and its stratospheric connection" (PDF). Quarterly Periodical of the Royal Meteorological Order. 138 (669): 1961–69. Bibcode:2012QJRMS.138.1961R. doi:10.1002/qj.1935.
  28. ^ Reichler, Tom; Kim, J; Manzini, E; Kroger, J (2012). "A stratospheric connectedness to Atlantic climate variability". Nature Geoscience. 5 (eleven): 783–87. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5..783R. doi:ten.1038/ngeo1586.
  29. ^ Limpasuvan, Varavut; Hartmann, Dennis L.; Thompson, David W.J.; Jeev, Kumar; Yung, Yuk L. (2005). "Stratosphere-troposphere evolution during polar vortex intensification" (PDF). Periodical of Geophysical Research. 110 (D24): 27. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11024101L. CiteSeerX10.1.1.526.9159. doi:10.1029/2005JD006302.
  30. ^ Cavallo, South; Hakim, G.J. (2013). "Concrete mechanisms of tropopause polar vortex intensity change". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 70 (11): 3359–73. Bibcode:2013JAtS...70.3359C. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-088.1.
  31. ^ Hartmann, D; Schoeberl, M (1991). "The dynamics of the stratospheric polar vortex and its relation to springtime ozone depletions" (PDF). Scientific discipline. 251 (4989): 46–52. Bibcode:1991Sci...251...46S. doi:10.1126/science.251.4989.46. PMID 17778602. S2CID 24664477. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-02.
  32. ^ Widnall, S; Sullivan, J (1973). "On the stability of vortex rings". Proceedings of the Majestic Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 332 (1590): 335–53. Bibcode:1973RSPSA.332..335W. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0029. S2CID 119959924.
  33. ^ Manney, G; Zurek, R; O'Neill, A; Swinbank, R (1994). "On the motion of air through the stratospheric polar vortex". Periodical of the Atmospheric Sciences. 51 (20): 2973–94. Bibcode:1994JAtS...51.2973M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2973:otmoat>2.0.co;2.
  34. ^ Waugh, D; Plumb, R; Elkins, J; Fahey, D; Boering, K; Dutton, G; Lait, Fifty (2012). "Mixing of polar vortex air into middle latitudes every bit revealed past tracer-tracer scatterplots". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 102 (D11): 13199–34. Bibcode:1997JGR...10213119W. doi:10.1029/96JD03715.
  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-07. Retrieved 2015-xi-26 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
  36. ^ Erdman, Jon (2014). "What's a Polar Vortex?: The Science Behind Arctic Outbreaks". wunderground . Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  37. ^ a b Baldwin, M.P.; Dunkerton, TJ (2001). "Stratospheric Harbingers of Anomalous Atmospheric condition Regimes". Science. 294 (5542): 581–84. Bibcode:2001Sci...294..581B. doi:10.1126/science.1063315. PMID 11641495. S2CID 34595603.
  38. ^ NASA (December 21, 2001). "Stratospheric Polar Vortex Influences Winter Cold". Globe Observatory. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  39. ^ a b Vocal, Yucheng; Robinson, Walter A. (2004). "Dynamical Mechanisms for Stratospheric Influences on the Troposphere". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 61 (14): 1711–25. Bibcode:2004JAtS...61.1711S. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1711:DMFSIO>2.0.CO;2.
  40. ^ Overland, James E. (2013). "Atmospheric science: Long-range linkage". Nature Climate Change. 4 (1): 11–12. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4...11O. doi:10.1038/nclimate2079.
  41. ^ Tang, Qiuhong; Zhang, Xuejun; Francis, Jennifer A. (2013). "Extreme summer weather condition in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere". Nature Climatic change. 4 (1): 45–50. Bibcode:2014NatCC...four...45T. doi:10.1038/nclimate2065.
  42. ^ Screen, J.A. (2013). "Influence of Arctic ocean water ice on European summer atmospheric precipitation" (PDF). Ecology Enquiry Letters. 8 (4): 044015. Bibcode:2013ERL.....8d4015S. doi:ten.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044015.
  43. ^ Francis, Jennifer A.; Vavrus, Stephen J. (2012). "Prove linking Arctic amplification to extreme atmospheric condition in mid-latitudes". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (6): n/a. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.6801F. doi:10.1029/2012GL051000.
  44. ^ Petoukhov, Vladimir; Semenov, Vladimir A. (2010). "A link between reduced Barents-Kara bounding main ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (D21): D21111. Bibcode:2010JGRD..11521111P. doi:10.1029/2009JD013568.
  45. ^ Masato, Giacomo; Hoskins, Brian J.; Woollings, Tim (2013). "Winter and Summer Northern Hemisphere Blocking in CMIP5 Models". Journal of Climate. 26 (eighteen): 7044–59. Bibcode:2013JCli...26.7044M. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00466.1.
  46. ^ Seviour, William J.K. (14 Apr 2017). "Weakening and shift of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex: Internal variability or forced response?". Geophysical Inquiry Letters. 44 (7): 3365–73. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.3365S. doi:x.1002/2017GL073071. hdl:1983/caf74781-222b-4735-b171-8842cead4086.
  47. ^ Friedlander, Blaine (March 4, 2013). "Arctic water ice loss amplified Superstorm Sandy violence". Cornell Chronicle.
  48. ^ J.A. Pyle (1997). The Arctic and environmental change. CRC Press. pp. 42–44. ISBN978-90-5699-020-6.
  49. ^ Rolf Müller (2010). Tracer-tracer Relations every bit a Tool for Research on Polar Ozone Loss. Forschungszentrum Jülich. p. 47. ISBN978-3-89336-614-ix.
  50. ^ Thou. Mohanakuma (2008). Stratosphere troposphere interactions: an introduction. Springer. p. 34. ISBN978-1-4020-8216-0.
  51. ^ "Arctic ozone loss at record level". BBC News Online. October 2, 2011. Archived from the original on October three, 2011. Retrieved October iii, 2011.
  52. ^ "Double vortex at Venus South Pole unveiled!". European Space Agency . Retrieved 2018-09-11 .
  53. ^ "Saturn's Balderdash's-Eye Marks Its Hot Spot". NASA. 2005. Retrieved January eight, 2014.

Further reading [edit]

  • "The science behind the polar vortex". NOAA.gov (NASA). 29 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  • "What Is a Polar Vortex?". NOAA SciJinks.gov (NASA) . Retrieved 31 Jan 2019.
  • "What is the Polar Vortex?". Us National Weather Service . Retrieved 31 Jan 2019.
  • Nash, Eric R.; Newman, Paul A.; Rosenfield, Joan E.; Schoeberl, Mark R. (1996). "An objective determination of the polar vortex using Ertel'southward potential vorticity". Journal of Geophysical Research. 101 (D5): 9471–78. Bibcode:1996JGR...101.9471N. doi:10.1029/96JD00066.
  • Butchart, Neal; Remsberg, Ellis E. (1986). "The Area of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex as a Diagnostic for Tracer Ship on an Isentropic Surface". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 43 (13): 1319–1339. Bibcode:1986JAtS...43.1319B. doi:x.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1319:TAOTSP>2.0.CO;2.
  • Schoeberl, Mark R.; Lait, Leslie R.; Newman, Paul A.; Rosenfield, Joan E. (1992). "The structure of the polar vortex". Periodical of Geophysical Research. 97 (D8): 7859–82. Bibcode:1992JGR....97.7859S. doi:10.1029/91JD02168.
  • Coy, Lawrence; Nash, Eric R.; Newman, Paul A. (1997). "Meteorology of the polar vortex: Spring 1997". Geophysical Research Letters. 24 (22): 2693–96. Bibcode:1997GeoRL..24.2693C. doi:ten.1029/97GL52832.
  • Schoeberl, M.R.; Hartmann, D.L. (1991). "The Dynamics of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex and Its Relation to Springtime Ozone Depletions". Science. 251 (4989): 46–52. Bibcode:1991Sci...251...46S. doi:10.1126/science.251.4989.46. PMID 17778602.

External links [edit]

  • "Current map of chill winds and temperatures at the 10 hPa level".
  • "Electric current map of chill winds and temperatures at the 70 hPa level".
  • "Current map of chill winds and temperatures at the 250 hPa level".
  • "Current map of arctic winds and temperatures at the 500 hPa level".
  • "Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the 10 hPa level".
  • "Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the seventy hPa level".
  • "Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the 250 hPa level".
  • "Current map of antarctic winds and temperatures at the 500 hPa level".

perrybeld1985.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_vortex

0 Response to "Its the Polar Vortex Going to Move South Again"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel